Advanced Tajweed rules elevate Quranic recitation with refined techniques for perfect pronunciation, precise merging of letters, and nuanced emphasis. These rules ensure the recitation maintains the Quran’s linguistic beauty and divine eloquence.
Each rule of Tajweed has general, simple guidelines that are easy to understand and apply. However, for the same rule, there can also be advanced guidelines and detailed nuances that can be applied by those who have thoroughly understood the principles and practiced them well in their recitation of the Quran.
Advanced Tajweed rules are specialized techniques in Quranic recitation that go beyond the basic principles, focusing on the finer aspects of pronunciation, articulation, and the subtleties of phonetic interactions between letters.
This section will delve into the intricate rules of Tajweed, providing comprehensive details and examples to illustrate each rule’s application and significance.
Let’s explore some of these rules together:
This artilce covers the next points:
1. The Rules Of Meeting Two Silent Letters (التقاء ساكنين):
In Quranic recitation with Tajweed, it is generally not permissible to combine two consecutive silent letters in the same word, except in specific cases, or when a word ends with a silent letter and the following word begins with another silent letter.
Therefore, specific rules have been established to address the meeting of two silent letters, whether within a single word or across two words, as follows:
A. Meeting Two Silent Letters in One Word:
It is permissible to combine two silent letters in one word in the following two cases:
1. The first of the two silent letters is a long or soft letter.
If the first silent letter is a consonant, it is moved by adding one of the three vowels (fatha, kasra, or damma).
If a word ends with a silent letter followed by a connecting hamza or another silent letter, the first silent letter is moved to avoid the meeting of two silent letters. The movement can be:
a. With Kasra (breaking):
This is the most common and is used to avoid the meeting of two silent letters.
Most letters are pronounced lightly, except Lam, Ra, and Alif under certain conditions. Alif follows the preceding letter, Lam in “Allah” is emphasized after Fatha or Damma and light after Kasra, and Ra’s pronunciation varies.
A. Letters That Are Always Pronounced Lightly (Tarqiq):
Tarqiq letters the remaining letters of the alphabet after excluding the emphatic,except for the letters Lam (ل), Ra (ر), and Alif (ا) in some of their conditions.
B. Letters Sometimes Emphasized, Sometimes Light:
There are some letters that sometimes are emphasized, sometimes are light. Alif follows the preceding letter’s emphasis; Lam in “Allah” is emphasized after Fatha or Damma, light after Kasra; Ra varies with four cases of pronunciation.
Alif (ا):
The Alif follows the previous letter in emphasis or lightness.
The definite article “Alif Lam” (الـ التعريف), also known as “Al” is a silent Lam preceded by an open Hamzat Wasl (همزة وصل) and followed by a noun. It is always an addition to the structure of the word, whether the word can be meaningful without it, such as in the word “الأرض” (the earth), or cannot be meaningful without it, such as in the word “الذين” (those).
Letters Following the Definite Article “Alif Lam”:
The definite article “Alif Lam” precedes all Arabic letters except for the three long vowels and the silent Noon (ن) and Meem (م), to avoid the meeting of two silent letters. It precedes twenty-eight letters of the Arabic alphabet, but this must occur in two separate words because “Alif Lam” is a word and the following letter must be the initial letter of the next word.
Two Cases of the Definite Article “Alif Lam” with the Following Letters The definite article “Alif Lam” has two cases when it precedes the twenty-eight letters:
When one of these letters follows the definite article, the Lam must be clearly pronounced (ظهر قمرياً), thus it is called Qamariyah Lam.
Examples:
أ”: الأَنْعام”
ك”: الكتاب”
ق”: القوي”
The rule here is clear pronunciation, called “Idhar,” due to the separation between the Lam and the majority of these letters in terms of articulation points and characteristics.
B. Shamsiyah (Sun) Lam (اللام الشمسية):
The Shamsiyah Lam applies to the remaining fourteen letters: ط, ث, ص, ر, ت, ض, ذ, ن, د, س, ظ, ز, ش, ل.
When one of these letters follows the definite article, the Lam must be merged into the following letter (إدغام شمسي), hence it is called Shamsiyah Lam.
Examples:
ط: “الطارق”
ض: “الضالين”
ظ: “الظانين”
The rule here is merging, called “Idgham,” due to the similarity between the Lam and most of these letters in terms of articulation points and characteristics.
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6. The Rules of Idgham الإدغام
Idgham in Quranic recitation refers to merging one letter into another, resulting in a single, emphasized letter. It occurs due to similarity, proximity, or homogeneity between letters. There are two main types:
Major Idgham, involving two moving letters merging into one, and Minor Idgham, where a silent letter merges into a moving letter. Minor Idgham is further classified into assimilation of homogeneous, similar, and identical letters.
Execution of Minor Idgham can be complete, where the first letter is entirely assimilated, or incomplete, where some characteristics of the first letter remain. Understanding these rules ensures correct and proficient recitation, enhancing one’s connection to the Quran.
Causes of Idgham
Idgham occurs due to three main reasons:
A. Similarity (Tamathul):
When two letters are identical in name, form, articulation, and characteristics. Example: merging the letter “fa” into “fa” (ف) as in Verse:
Note: Complete Idgham is indicated in the script by removing the sukoon sign from the assimilated letter and emphasizing the letter it merges into.
B. Incomplete Idgham (Idgham Naqis):
The merging of a letter into another in articulation but not completely in characteristics, leaving some of the first letter’s characteristics:
Examples:
“Nun” into “waw”: “مِنَ اللّهِ مِن وَاقٍ” (Ar-Ra’d 34)
The nasal sound of “nun” remains.
“Nun” into “ya”: “مَن يَـقُولُ” (Al-Baqarah 8)
“Ta” into “ta”: “لَئِن بَسَطتَ” (Al-Ma’ida 28)
Retains the emphatic quality of “ta.”
“Qaf” into “kaf”: “أَلَمْ نَخْـلُـقكُّـم” (Al-Mursalat 20)
The “qaf” does not have its characteristic emphatic sound.
This detailed exploration of Idgham in Quranic recitation provides both basic and advanced understanding, enabling correct and proficient recitation by adhering to the principles and recognizing the nuances of each rule.
7. Establishing and Omitting the Letters of Madd (Prolongation)
The Establishment and Omission of the Letters of Madd (Prolongation – إثبات حروف المد وحذفها) are characteristics of the Uthmani script (الرسم العثماني) that must be followed according to Sharia. A reader must know which letters are established and which are omitted in the script to pause appropriately on what is established and omit what is omitted, as pausing aligns with the script.
If a word ends with one of the three letters of Madd (Alif, Ya, or Waw), the pause should reflect the written form:
– If the letter is established both in connection and in the script, the pause should maintain this establishment:
– If the letter is established in the script but not in connection, the pause should reflect the script’s establishment:
Example: الظُّنُونَا (Althunoonaa) in Al-Ahzab, نُنْجِي الْمُؤْمِنِينَ (Nunjii Almu’miniin) in Al-Anbiyaa, إِنَّهُ هُوَ (Innahu Huwa)
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There are some Special Cases for the above rules:
A. Alif (أ) Establishment and Omission:
The Alif is maintained during pauses if it is omitted in connection to avoid two silent letters meeting, regardless of whether it is part of the word’s root or not:
Specific cases where Waw is omitted in pause due to the script:
Example: وَيَدْعُ الْإِنْسَانُ (Wa Yad’u Alinsaanu) in Al-Isra
8. Types of Alif (ا) in the Quran:
The letter Alif is an important letter in the Arabic alphabet with many uses. However, in the Quran, Alif appears in several forms beyond the Hamzat al-Qat’ and Hamzat al-Wasl:
A- Alif with a Small Circle Above:
This Alif is written but not pronounced and is marked with a small circle above it (ه). It is retained in writing but omitted in pronunciation when stopping and joining. Examples include: (ثَمُودَاْ) and it appears in four places in the Quran: Hud 68, Al-Furqan 68, Al-Ankabut 38, An-Najm 51.
B- Madd Alif (الألف المدية):
This Alif is retained in both stopping and joining when followed by a vowel, such as: (فَلَمّا رَأَى القَمَرَ بازِغًا قالَ هـذا رَبّي). However, if followed by a silent letter, the Alif is omitted to prevent the meeting of two silent letters, such as: (فَلَمّا ذاقَا الشَّجَرَةَ).
C- Alif in Definite and Indefinite Nouns (ألف الاسم المقصور المنون):
This Alif in the noun is represented by an Alif written as a Yaa, and when it has the Tanween of Fatha, if paused upon, the Tanween is dropped, and the Alif is retained, such as: (وَأَجَلٌ مُّسَمًّى عِندَهُ).
D- Dagger Alif (الألف الخنجرية):
This Alif is represented in the Quranic script by a small Alif and is ruled to be omitted in writing but pronounced, extending naturally by two Harakaat, such as: (أَهَـكَذَا), (الرَّحْمَـٰنِ), and other words.
These advanced rulings enhance the precision and beauty of Quranic recitation, ensuring the proper articulation and pronunciation as revealed.
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Conclusion
Advanced rules of Tajweed are more detailed and in-depth in understanding and improving the recitation of the Quran.
They take us to a deep understanding of the rules with detailed explanations, such as the rules of stopping and starting and their places in the Quran, the rules of Alif in Quranic words, the details of Idgham (assimilation) and its causes and types, the details of Ikhfa (concealment) and its pronunciation methods and reasons for naming, and the rules of the solar and lunar Lam which we explained in this article.
These advanced rules also cover various rulings and their levels, such as the levels of thickening and thinning, and much more in the advanced rules of Tajweed. We pray to Allah that we and you become among the people of the Quran, who are Allah’s people and His special ones.
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