| Key Takeaways |
| Arabic relative pronouns (الاسم الموصول) connect a noun to a descriptive clause, with forms changing based on gender, number, and case. |
| The most common Arabic relative pronoun is الَّذِي for masculine singular nouns, with distinct forms for feminine, dual, and plural. |
| Every relative clause in Arabic requires a “return pronoun” that links back to the antecedent noun being described. |
| Arabic distinguishes between specific relative pronouns for human referents and مَا / مَنْ for non-specific or general references. |
| Mastering relative pronouns in Arabic requires understanding grammatical gender, number agreement, and Arabic grammar cases simultaneously. |
Arabic relative pronouns are a specific set of words that connect a noun (the antecedent) to a relative clause that describes or defines it. Unlike English, where “who,” “which,” and “that” cover most situations, Arabic uses a complete system of forms that must agree in gender, number, and — in some contexts — case with the noun they modify.
For non-Arabic speaking Muslims studying the Quran or Modern Standard Arabic, relative pronouns are unavoidable. They appear hundreds of times in the Quran and in everyday Arabic speech. Understanding them transforms your ability to parse Quranic meaning and build grammatically sound Arabic sentences.
What Are Arabic Relative Pronouns and How Do They Work?
Arabic relative pronouns (Al-Asmaa’ Al-Mawsoola) are words that join a noun to a relative clause, functioning similarly to “who,” “which,” or “that” in English. The noun being described is called the antecedent (Al-Marja’), and the clause that follows is called the relative clause (Sillat Al-Mawsool).
What makes Arabic unique is the requirement for a return pronoun (Al-Dameer Al-‘Aa’id). This is a pronoun embedded inside the relative clause that refers back to the antecedent. In English, we say “the man who came” — Arabic says “the man who he-came,” where the embedded pronoun “he” is obligatory.
Understanding Arabic grammar cases is essential here, because the relative pronoun itself is always in a fixed form — it is the return pronoun inside the clause that reflects the grammatical role.
The Complete Chart of Arabic Relative Pronouns
The Arabic relative pronoun system covers six distinct categories based on gender and number.
| Category | Arabic Pronoun | Transliteration | English Equivalent |
| Masculine Singular | الَّذِي | alladhī | who / which / that |
| Feminine Singular | الَّتِي | allatī | who / which / that |
| Masculine Dual | اللَّذَانِ / اللَّذَيْنِ | alladhāni / alladhayni | the two who |
| Feminine Dual | اللَّتَانِ / اللَّتَيْنِ | allatāni / allatayny | the two who |
| Masculine Plural (rational) | الَّذِينَ | alladhīna | those who |
| Feminine Plural | اللَّائِي | allā’ī | those who |
The dual forms change based on grammatical case: the nominative uses ـانِ (-āni) and the accusative/genitive uses ـيْنِ (-ayni). This directly mirrors the Arabic grammar cases system applied throughout Arabic noun morphology.
At Shaykhi Academy, our Arabic Grammar Course covers these forms systematically using the Al-Menhaj methodology, ensuring non-Arabic speakers build accurate mental models — not just memorized tables.
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How Do You Use الَّذِي and الَّتِي in a Sentence?
الَّذِي is used for masculine singular nouns and الَّتِي for feminine singular nouns. The relative clause that follows must contain a return pronoun agreeing with the antecedent in gender and number.
Consider these examples:
جَاءَ الرَّجُلُ الَّذِي رَأَيْتُهُ
Jā’a ar-rajulu alladhī ra’aytuhu
“The man whom I saw came.”
Here, الَّذِي refers to الرَّجُل (masculine singular). The return pronoun ـهُ (him) at the end of رَأَيْتُهُ links the clause back to the antecedent.
جَاءَتِ الْمَرْأَةُ الَّتِي رَأَيْتُهَا
Jā’ati al-mar’atu allatī ra’aytuha
“The woman whom I saw came.”
Here, الَّتِي refers to الْمَرْأَة (feminine singular), and the return pronoun shifts to ـهَا (her).
This is one of the most common errors our instructors at Shaykhi Academy observe: students correctly choose the relative pronoun but forget to include or adjust the return pronoun.
Students whose first language is English are particularly prone to this — English has no grammatical equivalent of the return pronoun, so it feels redundant at first. Within a few weeks of structured practice, however, it becomes intuitive.
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Types Of Relative Pronouns In Arabic
Arabic relative pronouns are divided into specific and common relative pronouns. Each group has its definition and categories. Specific relative pronouns depend on the gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular, dual, or plural) of the noun they modify.
Examples include الذي (the one who, masculine singular), التي (the one who, feminine singular), اللذان/اللذين (the two who, masculine dual), and اللاتي/اللائي (those who, feminine plural). These pronouns are essential for creating relative clauses and change based on case or gender.
Common relative pronouns are versatile and do not change with gender or number. They include مَن (who), used for rational beings, and ما (what), applied to non-rational nouns or rational beings metaphorically.
Other pronouns like أي (any), ذا (what/who), and أل (the one who) serve various contexts. These forms simplify linking clauses and provide flexibility in expressing relationships between ideas.
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Let’s discuss each one of them in detail:
Specific Relative Pronouns الاسم المَوْصُول الخاص:
Specific relative pronouns in Arabic are used based on the number (singular, dual, or plural) and gender (masculine or feminine) of the subject within the context. These pronouns include:
- الذي (al-ladhī) – the one (male) who
- اللذان / اللذين (al-ladhān/al-ladhayn) – the two (males) who
- الذين (al-ladhīn) – those (males) who
- الألى (al-ulā) – those who
- التي (al-latī) – the one (female) who
- اللتان / اللتين (al-latān/al-latayn) – the two (females) who
- اللائي / اللاتي / (al-lā’ī/al-lātī/) – those (females) who
Below is a detailed presentation of each specific relative pronoun, accompanied by illustrative examples.
1. الذي (Al-Ladhī) – The One (Male) Who
The relative pronoun الذي (al-ladhī) is used to modify a definite singular masculine noun, whether this noun is:
A. Rational nouns
(e.g., Allah’s saying: “وَإِبْرَاهِيمَ الَّذِي وَفَّىٰ” – Abraham, who ˹perfectly˺ fulfilled ˹his covenant.) Here, the definite singular masculine rational noun “Abraham” is modified by a relative clause starting with the relative pronoun الذي (al-ladhī) “who”.
B. Non-rational nouns:
(e.g., Allah’s saying: “لِيُكَفِّرَ ٱللَّهُ عَنْهُمْ أَسْوَأَ ٱلَّذِى عَمِلُوا۟” – Allah will absolve them of ˹even˺ the worst of what they did.) Here, “their deed” is a singular masculine non-rational noun related to using the relative pronoun الذي (al-ladhī), translated as “what” since it refers to a non-rational-being noun.
The relative pronoun الذي (al-ladhī) has a fixed structure in all grammatical cases since it is an indeclinable noun that maintains the same form in nominative, accusative, and genitive cases.
2. اللذان / اللذين (Al-Ladhān/Al-Ladhayn) – The Two (Males) Who
The relative pronoun اللذان (al-ladhān) is used for dual masculine nouns and changes based on the grammatical case:
A. اللذان (al-ladhān):
If the noun is in the nominative case, the relative pronoun used will be اللذان (al-ladhān).
For example, in Allah’s saying: “وَٱلَّذَانِ يَأْتِيَـٰنِهَا مِنكُمْ فَـَٔاذُوهُمَا” – the two who commit this sin among you—discipline them.
B. اللذين (al-ladhayn):
If the noun is in the accusative or genitive case, the relative pronoun used will be اللذين (al-ladhayn).
For instance, in Allah’s saying: “رَبَّنَآ أَرِنَا ٱلَّذَيْنِ أَضَلَّانَا مِنَ ٱلْجِنِّ وَٱلْإِنسِ” – Our Lord, show us those jinn and men who misled us. Here, اللذين (al-ladhayn) is used as an object, taking the accusative form.
The dual form of relative pronouns is unique among specific relative pronouns in being declinable, which is why its form changes based on grammatical case.
3. الذين (Al-Ladhīn) – Those (Males) Who
The relative pronoun الذين (al-ladhīn) is used for the plural form of rational nouns. For example, “إِنَّ ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوا۟” – those who believed. Occasionally, الذين (al-ladhīn) can also refer to non-rational nouns when they are described in a way that implies animation.
For example, “قُلْ إِنِّى نُهِيتُ أَنْ أَعْبُدَ ٱلَّذِينَ تَدْعُونَ مِن دُونِ ٱللَّهِ” – I have been forbidden to worship those ˹idols˺ you worship besides Allah. Here, idols are described as rational because they are falsely worshipped.
Here is a comparison of these relative pronouns:
| Relative pronoun | Translation | Characteristics | Function – Usage | Exercises |
| الذي (al-ladhī) | the one (male) who / what | Definitive masculine singular noun (rational or non-rational) | One form in all grammatical cases of nominative, accusative, or genitive. | “مَثَلُهُمْ كَمَثَلِ ٱلَّذِى ٱسْتَوْقَدَ نَارًۭا” – Their example is that of one who kindles a fire. (rational)“أتَسْتَبْدِلُونَ الَّذِي هو أدْنى بِالَّذِي هو خَيْرٌ” – Would you exchange what is better for what is less? (non-rational) |
| اللذان – اللذَيْن(al-ladhān/al-ladhayn) | the two (males) who | masculine dual (rational or non-rational) | If it’s nominative, it’s used as اللذان. If it’s accusative or genitive, it’s used as اللذَيْن. | جاء الرجلان اللذان فازا بالجائزةThe two men who won the prize came. (subject = nominative)رأيتُ الرجلين اللذين فازا بالجائزةI saw the two men who won the prize. (object = accusative) |
| الذين (al-ladhīn) | those (males) who | masculine plural (rational only) | One form in all grammatical cases | “كَذَٰلِكَ يُؤْفَكُ ٱلَّذِينَ كَانُوا۟ بِـَٔايَـٰتِ ٱللَّهِ يَجْحَدُونَ”This is how those who used to reject Allah’s signs were ˹also˺ deluded. |
| الألى (al-ulā) | Those (males/females) who | masculine or feminine plural (rational or non-rational) | One form in all grammatical cases | جاء الرجال / النساء الألى يحفظون القرآن.The women/men who memorize the Quran came. |
5. التي (al-latī) – the one (female) who
The Arabic relative pronoun التي (al-latī) is used mainly for singular female nouns. Still, there are many uses for this relative pronoun as follows:
A. Rational feminine singular
“قَدْ سَمِعَ ٱللَّهُ قَوْلَ ٱلَّتِى تُجَـٰدِلُكَ فِى زَوْجِهَا” – Allah has heard the argument of the woman who pleaded with you.
Here, the relative pronoun is used for the singular rational female “the woman,” which is mentioned indirectly through the relative pronoun for a rhetorical purpose.
B. Non-rational feminine singular:
It’s used to modify non-rational singular nouns. For example, Almighty Allah says: “وَسْـَٔلِ ٱلْقَرْيَةَ ٱلَّتِى كُنَّا فِيهَا” – Ask ˹the people of˺ the land where we were. Here, “ٱلْقَرْيَةَ” (the land) is a non-rational noun modified by the relative pronoun التي (al-latī).
C. Non-rational plural:
The relative pronoun التي (al-latī) is used to relate to non-rational plural nouns. For example, Allah Almighty says:
“مَا هَـٰذِهِ ٱلتَّمَاثِيلُ ٱلَّتِىٓ أَنتُمْ لَهَا عَـٰكِفُونَ” – “What are these statues to which you are so devoted?”
Here, the word “ٱلتَّمَاثِيلُ” (the statues) is a non-rational plural noun modified by التي (al-latī).
6. اللتان / اللتين (al-latān/al-latayn) – the two (females) who
The Arabic relative pronoun اللتان (al-latān) is used for the dual form of feminine nouns. It has two grammatical forms as follows:
A. اللتان (al-latān):
If the noun is in the nominative case, the relative pronoun used will be اللتان (al-latān). For example, “أقبلت الفتاتان اللتان فازتا بالجائزة” – The two ladies who won the prize came. Here, since the noun “الفتاتان” (the two ladies) is in the nominative case, the relative pronoun اللتان (al-latān) is used.
B. اللتين (al-latayn):
If the noun is in the accusative or genitive case, the relative pronoun used will be اللتين (al-latayn). For instance, “رأيتُ المرأتين اللتين حفظتا القرآن” – I saw the two women who memorized the Quran. Here, since the noun “المرأتين” (the two women) is in the accusative case (as an object), the relative pronoun اللتين (al-latayn) is used.
Again, similar to the masculine dual form, the feminine dual form of relative pronouns is unique among specific relative pronouns in being declinable, which is why its form changes based on grammatical case.
Below is a comparison of these two relative pronouns:
| Relative pronoun | Translation | Characteristics | Function – Usage | Exercises |
| التي (al-latī) | the one (female) who | Used with feminine singular (rational or non-rational) and non-rational plural | One form in all grammatical cases of nominative, accusative, or genitive. | رأيتُ الفتاة التي تتعلم العربية – I saw the girl who learns Arabic. (rational singular)“جَنَّـٰتِ عَدْنٍ ٱلَّتِى” – gardens of perpetual residence which (non-rational plural) |
| اللتان / اللتين (al-latān/al-latayn) | the two (females) who | feminine dual | If it’s nominative, it’s used as اللتان. If it’s accusative or genitive, it’s used as اللتَيْن. | جاءت الفتاتان اللتان تتعلمان العربية – The two girls who learn Arabic came. (nominative)سلمتُ على الفتاتين اللتين حضرتا – I greeted the two girls who attended. (genitive) |
7. اللائي / اللاتي (al-lā’ī/al-lātī) – those who
These two relative pronouns have the same usage for feminine plural nouns, whether rational or non-rational. However, there is a slight difference between them:
A. اللاتي (al-lātī)
This form is more commonly used than اللائي (al-lā’ī) and is exclusively used for feminine nouns.
For example, in the verse: “يَتَـٰمَى ٱلنِّسَآءِ ٱلَّـٰتِى لَا تُؤْتُونَهُنَّ مَا كُتِبَ لَهُنَّ” – the orphan women [whom] you deprive of their due rights. Here, “يَتَـٰمَى ٱلنِّسَآءِ” (orphan women) is modified by the relative pronoun ٱلَّـٰتِى.
B. اللائي (al-lā’ī):
This form can be used for both feminine and masculine plural nouns, although its usage with masculine nouns is infrequent. Additionally, اللائي (al-lā’ī) is less common than اللاتي (al-lātī).
For example, حضرت النساء اللائي يحفظن القرآن – The women who memorize the Quran came. Here, the relative pronoun (al-lā’ī) is used with both masculine and feminine nouns of (men and women) in the example.
Below is a comparison of these two relative pronouns:
| Relative pronoun | Translation | Characteristics | Function – Usage | Exercises |
| اللاتي (al-lātī) | those (females) who | More common in Arabic usageOnly for feminine plural nouns | One form in all grammatical cases of nominative, accusative, or genitive. | “ وَرَبَـٰٓئِبُكُمُ ٱلَّـٰتِى فِى حُجُورِكُم” – your step-daughters [who are] under your guardianship. |
| اللائي (al-lā’ī) | those (females) who | Less common Feminine plural nouns | One form in all grammatical cases. | حضرت النساء اللائي يتعلمون العربية – The women who learn Arabic came. |
Common relative pronouns in Arabic الأسماء الموصولة المشتركة:
Relative pronouns in Arabic have forms that remain consistent across singular, dual, plural, masculine, and feminine contexts. They may also have additional uses beyond serving as relative pronouns. Here are the most common ones:
1. مَن (man) – who
The pronoun “man” functions as a relative pronoun and has other uses based on the context. When used as a relative pronoun, it refers to rational nouns or non-rational ones treated as rational. For instance, Allah Almighty says:
“أَلَمْ تَرَ أَنَّ ٱللَّهَ يُسَبِّحُ لَهُۥ مَن فِى ٱلسَّمَـٰوَٰتِ وَٱلْأَرْضِ”
“[Do you not see that Allah is glorified by all those in the heavens and the earth].”
Here, “man” is used for both rational and non-rational beings together.
2. ما (mā) – what
The pronoun “mā” serves various roles, including that of a relative pronoun.
A. Non-rational nouns
It is primarily used with non-rational nouns, as in:
“وَأَلْقِ مَا فِى يَمِينِكَ”
“[Cast what is in your right hand].”
This refers to the staff in Prophet Moses’s hand.
B. Description of rational nouns
“mā” can also describe rational beings. For example:
“وَإِنْ خِفْتُمْ أَلَّا تُقْسِطُوا۟ فِى ٱلْيَتَـٰمَىٰ فَٱنكِحُوا۟ مَا طَابَ لَكُم مِّنَ ٱلنِّسَآءِ”
“[And if you fear that you will not deal justly with the orphan girls, then marry those that please you of [other] women].”
Here, it refers to the description of permissible women to marry which is partially detailed in the verse.
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3. أي (Ay) – that
The pronoun “ay” is consistently annexed to a definite noun in any of its usages. When functioning as a relative pronoun, it is attached to a definite noun. For example:
“ثُمَّ لَنَنزِعَنَّ مِن كُلِّ شِيعَةٍ أَيُّهُمْ أَشَدُّ عَلَى ٱلرَّحْمَـٰنِ عِتِيًّۭا”
“[Then We will draw aside from each party those who were most rebellious against the Most Compassionate].”
Here, the relative pronoun “أيـ” is attached to the definitive pronoun (ـهم) and refers to a rational plural noun.
4. ذا (Dhā) – who/what
“Dhā” can act as a relative pronoun following the interrogative pronouns “ما” and “من,” such as in:
“ماذا فعلت؟” – [What did you do?]
“من ذا قابلت؟” – [Who did you meet?]
5. أل (Al) – the one who
Arabic linguists have differing opinions regarding the use of “أل (Al)” as a relative pronoun.
A. Relative pronoun usage
Most linguists accept “أل (Al)” as a relative pronoun when it accompanies an active or passive participle, as in:
“القادم خالد” – [The one who comes is Khalid].
B. Definitive article
Some scholars argue that in such instances, “أل (Al)” is simply a definitive article.
6. ذو (Dhū) – the one who
Used as a relative pronoun in the dialect of the Tay’ tribe only, for example:
“أقبل ذو (الموصولة) نجحَ” – [The one who succeed came].
This usage of Dhū as a relative pronoun is not common among other Arabic dialects.
In summary, common relative pronouns, regardless of the noun’s gender or number, include agreed-upon forms such as “مَن (man),” “ما (mā),” “أي (Ay),” and “ذا (Dhā).” The pronouns “ذو (Dhū)” and “أل (Al)” remain subjects of debate among scholars.
Objectives Of Using Relative Pronouns In Arabic
The use of relative pronouns in Arabic—across their various forms—serves multiple purposes, determined by context. Here are the main objectives of using them:
1. The Listener’s Ignorance:
One objective is when the listener knows nothing about the one being described except what is mentioned after the relative clause. For example: الذي كان معنا بالأمس رجل نبيل – “The one who was with us yesterday is a nobleman.” The listener only knows that the person was present the day before.
2. Hiding Information:
Sometimes, the speaker may wish to conceal the identity or specific details from the listeners, mentioning it with a descriptor known only to the addressed individual and not others. For instance: سافر الذي كان معنا أمس – “The one who was with us yesterday has traveled.”
3. Unpleasant Nature of the Name:
Using terms like “the one who” followed by an unpleasant action or saying is common in Arabic. For example, one might say: “So-and-so did what he did,” avoiding the act’s specifics due to its unpleasant nature.
4. Glorification:
Relative pronouns can refer to someone with a majestic descriptor, as in Allah’s Saying:
“تَنزِيلًۭا مِّمَّنْ خَلَقَ ٱلْأَرْضَ وَٱلسَّمَـٰوَٰتِ ٱلْعُلَى”
“[It is] a revelation from He who created the earth and highest heavens.” [Quran, 20:4]
5. Conciseness:
Relative pronouns can make speech more precise. For instance, in Allah’s Saying: “لَا تَكُونُوا۟ كَٱلَّذِينَ ءَاذَوْا۟ مُوسَى”
“Be not like those who abused Moses.” [Quran, 33:69]
Mentioning the names would have made the sentence unnecessarily long.
6. Intending Generality:
Relative pronouns can refer to a general category of people matching a given description, as in Allah’s Saying:
“إِنَّ ٱلَّذِينَ قَالُوا۟ رَبُّنَا ٱللَّهُ ثُمَّ ٱسْتَقَـٰمُوا۟”
“Indeed, those who have said, ‘Our Lord is Allah’ and then remain steadfast.” [Quran, 41:30]
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Conclusion
Arabic relative pronouns are far more than a grammar footnote — they are the structural connective tissue of the Arabic sentence, and they appear on virtually every page of the Quran. Once you understand that الَّذِي, الَّتِي, and الَّذِينَ must agree with their antecedents, that every relative clause carries an embedded return pronoun, and that non-rational plurals follow feminine singular agreement, the logic of the system becomes clear.
These rules work together: agreement, the return pronoun, and the rational/non-rational distinction each play a distinct role. Insha’Allah, with consistent practice and qualified instruction, these patterns will move from conscious study to natural recognition — and the Quran’s meaning will open up in ways that repay every effort made.
Frequently Asked Questions About Arabic Relative Pronouns
What is the most common Arabic relative pronoun used in the Quran?
الَّذِينَ (alladhīna) — the masculine plural form meaning “those who” — is among the most frequent relative pronouns in the Quran, appearing in verses addressing believers collectively. الَّذِي (masculine singular) and الَّتِي (feminine singular) are also extremely common. All three appear across nearly every Surah, making them essential vocabulary for Quranic comprehension.
Do Arabic relative pronouns change based on grammatical case?
Most Arabic relative pronouns do not change with grammatical case — they have a fixed form regardless of whether they are in the nominative, accusative, or genitive position. The exception is the dual forms: اللَّذَانِ becomes اللَّذَيْنِ in the accusative and genitive. The return pronoun inside the relative clause, however, always reflects its own grammatical case.
What is the difference between الَّذِي and الَّذِينَ in Arabic?
الَّذِي is used for masculine singular antecedents, while الَّذِينَ is used for masculine plural antecedents referring to rational beings (people). For non-rational plurals — objects, animals, abstract concepts — Arabic uses the feminine singular الَّتِي regardless of the noun’s original gender. This distinction is one of the most commonly misapplied rules among intermediate Arabic learners.
Can مَنْ and مَا be used as relative pronouns for specific people or things?
مَنْ and مَا function as non-specific relative pronouns, meaning they are used when the antecedent is general or unspecified — “whoever,” “whatever,” “what.” They do not require a definite antecedent. When referring to a specific, definite person or thing already named in the sentence, the specific forms (الَّذِي, الَّتِي, etc.) are used instead.
Is it possible to learn Arabic grammar online with a qualified teacher?
Yes — and structured online instruction with a qualified native teacher is often more effective than self-study for grammar, because errors are corrected in real time. Shaykhi Academy’s Arabic Grammar Course and Fusha Arabic Course connect students with certified native Arabic teachers trained to teach non-Arabic speakers, with flexible scheduling and personalized pacing.
